Recent studies indicate that the antral follicle population may be of paramount importance to improve reproductive performance in cows. There is already an agreement that the antral follicle count (AFC; follicles ≥3 mm in diameter) is a highly variable trait among animals, but with high repeatability in the same individual. Thus, females can be classified into low, intermediate or high AFC. Several studies in Bos taurus show a positive correlation between AFC and fertility parameters, such as increased quantity and quality of embryos, better pregnancy rates, higher progesterone levels, among others. However, there is still no consensus on AFC in Bos indicus females and indicustaurus. This article aims to discuss the main aspects related to the population of antral follicles and its relation to the reproductive performance associated with the most common techniques in assisted reproduction (timed artificial insemination, in vitro embryo production, embryo transfer and superovulation).