Animal Reproduction (AR)
https://animal-reproduction.org/article/doi/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2025-0079
Animal Reproduction (AR)
Thematic Section: 38th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Embryo Technology Society (SBTE)

Optimizing in vitro embryo production in cattle: strategies for donor management and selection

Alvaro García-Guerra; Jessica Cristina Lemos Motta; Rodrigo Vasconcellos Sala; Cameron Brontz Hayden; Eduardo Ponte; Victor Antonio Absalon-Medina; Pablo Juan Ross

Downloads: 0
Views: 82

Abstract

In vitro embryo production (IVEP) has become a cornerstone of genetic advancement in cattle, yet its efficiency remains suboptimal and highly variable. This review synthesizes current knowledge on donor selection and management strategies aimed at optimizing IVEP outcomes. Central to IVEP success is the quantity and developmental competence of oocytes, which is influenced by both intrinsic donor characteristics and extrinsic management interventions. Ovarian superstimulation using follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has emerged as a key strategy to enhance oocyte yield and quality, with evidence supporting dose-dependent improvements in embryo development and yield. Protocol refinements—including timing, duration, and delivery mode of FSH— can further influence IVEP efficacy. Donor-specific factors such as age, pregnancy status, and size of the ovarian reserve, assessed via antral follicle count (AFC) or anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations, significantly affect oocyte competence and/or embryo yield. Additionally, newly developed genomic traits and selection indexes, offer predictive value for donor performance and enable integration of IVEP-specific traits into breeding programs. High AMH donors consistently outperform low AMH counterparts, and emerging evidence suggests that tailoring superstimulation protocols to AMH phenotype can further enhance IVEP outcomes. The integration of physiological and genomic data provides the opportunity for developing targeted, phenotype/genotype-driven superstimulation protocols to maximize IVEP efficiency in a cost-effective and biologically sound manner.

Keywords

in vitro embryo production, embryo transfer, FSH, ovarian superstimulation, bovine

References

Adams GP. Comparative patterns of follicle development and selection in ruminants. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1999;54:17-32. PMid:10692842.

Adams GP, Matteri RL, Ginther OJ. Effect of progesterone on ovarian follicles, emergence of follicular waves and circulating follicle-stimulating hormone in heifers. J Reprod Fertil. 1992;96(2):627-40. http://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0960627. PMid:1339842.

Adams GP, Kot K, Smith CA, Ginther OJ. Selection of a dominant follicle and suppression of follicular growth in heifers. Anim Reprod Sci. 1993;30(4):259-71. http://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(93)90076-4.

Adams GP, Nasser LF, Bó GA, Garcia A, Del Campo MR, Mapletoft RJ. Superovulatory response of ovarian follicles of wave 1 versus wave 2 in heifers. Theriogenology. 1994;42(7):1103-13. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(94)90858-3. PMid:16727614.

Baruselli P, Batista E, Vieira L, Ferreira R, Guerreiro B, Bayeux B, Sales JNS, Souza AH, Gimenes LU. Factors that interfere with oocyte quality for in vitro production of cattle embryos: effects of different developmental & reproductive stages. Anim Reprod. 2016;13(3):264-72. http://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR861.

Baruselli PS, Rodrigues CA, Ferreira RM, Sales JNS, Elliff FM, Silva LG, Viziack MP, Factor L, D’Occhio MJ. Impact of oocyte donor age and breed on in vitro embryo production in cattle, and relationship of dairy and beef embryo recipients on pregnancy and the subsequent performance of offspring: a review. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021;34(2):36-51. http://doi.org/10.1071/RD21285. PMid:35231233.

Batista EOS, Macedo GG, Sala RV, Ortolan M, Sá MF Fo, Del Valle TA, Jesus EF, Lopes RN, Rennó FP, Baruselli PS. Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone as a predictor of ovarian antral follicular population in Bos indicus (Nelore) and Bos taurus (Holstein) heifers. Reprod Domest Anim. 2014;49(3):448-52. http://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12304. PMid:24689827.

Batista EOS, Guerreiro BM, Freitas BG, Silva JCB, Vieira LM, Ferreira RM, Rezende RG, Basso AC, Lopes RN, Rennó FP, Souza AH, Baruselli PS. Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone as a predictive endocrine marker to select Bos taurus (Holstein) and Bos indicus (Nelore) calves for in vitro embryo production. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2016;54:1-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.08.001. PMid:26379099.

Bergfeld EGM, Kojima FN, Cupp AS, Wehrman ME, Peters KE, Mariscal V, Sanchez T, Kinder JE. Changing dose of progesterone results in sudden changes in frequency of luteinizing hormone pulses and secretion of 17 beta-estradiol in bovine females. Biol Reprod. 1996;54(3):546-53. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod54.3.546. PMid:8835375.

Blondin P, Coenen K, Guilbault LA, Sirard MA. Superovulation can reduce the developmental competence of bovine embryos. Theriogenology. 1996;46(7):1191-203. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(96)00290-7. PMid:16727982.

Blondin P, Coenen K, Guilbault LA, Sirard MA. In vitro production of bovine embryos: developmental competence is acquired before maturation. Theriogenology. 1997a;47(5):1061-75. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00063-0. PMid:16728056.

Blondin P, Guilbault LA, Sirard MA. The time interval between FSH-P administration and slaughter can influence the developmental competence of beef heifer oocytes. Theriogenology. 1997b;48(5):803-13. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00303-8. PMid:16728173.

Blondin P, Bousquet D, Twagiramungu H, Barnes F, Sirard MA. Manipulation of follicular development to produce developmentally competent bovine oocytes. Biol Reprod. 2002;66(1):38-43. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod66.1.38. PMid:11751261.

Bó GA, Hockley DK, Nasser LF, Mapletoft RJ. Superovulatory response to a single subcutaneous injection of Folltropin-V in beef cattle. Theriogenology. 1994;42(6):963-75. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(94)90119-4. PMid:16727601.

Bó GA, Mapletoft RJ. Superstimulation of ovarian follicles in cattle: gonadotropin treatment protocols and FSH profiles. Theriogenology. 2020;150:353-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.001. PMid:32088042.

Brackett BG, Bousquet D, Boice ML, Donawick WJ, Evans JF, Dressel MA. Normal development following in vitro fertilization in the cow. Biol Reprod. 1982;27(1):147-58. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod27.1.147. PMid:6896830.

Brochado C, Duran BJ, Kieffer JD, Pinczak A, Menchaca A, Garcia-Guerra A. Reduced embryo yield obtained from superstimulated ewes with low circulating AMH concentration is improved by lengthening the FSH treatment. Theriogenology. 2024;218:79-88. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.01.024. PMid:38301510.

Brogliatti GM, Salamone DF, Adams GP. Ovarian follicular wave synchronization and superstimulation in prepubertal calves. Theriogenology. 1997;47(6):1253-64. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00105-2. PMid:16728074.

Burns DS, Jimenez-Krassel F, Ireland JLH, Knight PG, Ireland JJ. Numbers of antral follicles during follicular waves in cattle: evidence for high variation among animals, very high repeatability in individuals, and an inverse association with serum follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations. Biol Reprod. 2005;73(1):54-62. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.104.036277. PMid:15744026.

Caixeta ES, Ripamonte P, Franco MM, Buratini J Jr, Dode MAN. Effect of follicle size on mRNA expression in cumulus cells and oocytes of Bos indicus: an approach to identify marker genes for developmental competence. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2009;21(5):655-64. http://doi.org/10.1071/RD08201. PMid:19486602.

Campbell BK, Clinton M, Webb R. The role of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) during follicle development in a monovulatory species (sheep). Endocrinology. 2012;153(9):4533-43. http://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1158. PMid:22778215.

Cardoso CJT, Oliveira JS, Kischel H, Silva WAL, Arruda E, Souza-Cáceres MB, Oliveira FAM, Nogueira E, Nogueira GP, Melo-Sterza FA. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) as a predictor of antral follicle population in heifers. Anim Reprod. 2018;15(1):12-6. http://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-2017-AR887. PMid:33365089.

Carrenho-Sala LC, Sala RV, Fosado M, Pereira DC, Garcia S, Lopez A, Moreno JF, Garcia-Guerra A, Wiltbank MC. Factors that influence fertility in an IVF embryo transfer program in dairy heifers. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2016;28(2):183-4. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv28n2Ab107.

Cedeño AV, Bernal B, Pinargote L, Ocampo V, Mendoza B, Bó GA. Effect of follicle wave synchronisation and follicle stimulating hormone treatment on in vitro embryo production in Bos indicus (Gyr) donors. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2023;35(2):192. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv35n2Ab129.

Center K, Dixon D, Looney C, Rorie R. Anti-Mullerian hormone and follicle counts as predictors of superovulatory response and embryo production in beef cattle. Adv Reprod Sci. 2018;6(1):22-33. http://doi.org/10.4236/arsci.2018.61003.

Chasi B, Schmitt M, Herlihy MM, Cole JB, Peñagaricano F, Wiltbank M, Ortega MS. Genetic contribution of the female to embryo development in dairy cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2025;37(1):RDv37n1Ab16. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv37n1Ab16.

Chaubal SA, Molina JA, Ohlrichs CL, Ferre LB, Faber DC, Bols PEJ, Riesen JW, Tian X, Yang X. Comparison of different transvaginal ovum pick-up protocols to optimise oocyte retrieval and embryo production over a 10-week period in cows. Theriogenology. 2006;65(8):1631-48. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.07.020. PMid:16243385.

Clark ZL, Karl KR, Ruebel ML, Latham KE, Ireland JJ. Excessive follicle-stimulating hormone during ovarian stimulation of cattle may induce premature luteinization of most ovulatory-size follicles†. Biol Reprod. 2022;106(5):968-78. http://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioac021. PMid:35084014.

Currin L, Michalovic L, Bellefleur AM, Gutierrez K, Glanzner W, Schuermann Y, Bohrer RC, Dicks N, da Rosa PR, De Cesaro MP, Lopez R, Grand FX, Vigneault C, Blondin P, Gourdon J, Baldassarre H, Bordignon V. The effect of age and length of gonadotropin stimulation on the in vitro embryo development of Holstein calf oocytes. Theriogenology. 2017;104:87-93. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.08.011. PMid:28822904.

Dantas FG, Reese ST, Oliveira RV Fo, Carvalho RS, Franco GA, Abbott CR, Payton RR, Edwards JL, Russell JR, Smith JK, Pohler KG. Effect of complexed trace minerals on cumulus-oocyte complex recovery and in vitro embryo production in beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 2019;97(4):1478-90. http://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz005. PMid:30649409.

De Roover R, Feugang JM, Bols PE, Genicot G, Hanzen C. Effects of ovum pick-up frequency and FSH stimulation: a retrospective study on seven years of beef cattle in vitro embryo production. Reprod Domest Anim. 2008;43(2):239-45. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00873.x. PMid:18226024.

Demetrio DGB, Benedetti E, Demetrio CGB, Fonseca J, Oliveira M, Magalhaes A, Santos RM. How can we improve embryo production and pregnancy outcomes of Holstein embryos produced in vitro? (12 years of practical results at a California dairy farm). Anim Reprod. 2020;17(3):e20200053. http://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0053. PMid:33029219.

Demetrio DGB, Hasler JF, Oliveira M, Demetrio CGB, Fonseca JC, Santos RM. Comparison of single to multiple injections of follicle-stimulating hormone before ovum pickup in Holstein heifers: oocyte recovery and embryo production. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021;33(2):180-1. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv33n2Ab145.

Demetrio D, Oliveira M, Reis Silva R, Amorim D, Demetrio C, Santos R. Relationship between Angus oocyte quality and embryo production. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2022;35(2):131. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv35n2Ab12.

Demoustier MM, Beckers JF, Vanderzwalmen P, Closset J, Gillard JL, Ectors F. Determination of porcine plasma Follitropin levels during superovulation treatment in cows. Theriogenology. 1988;30(2):379-86. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(88)90185-9. PMid:16726478.

Dickson MJ, Piersanti RL, Ramirez-Hernandez R, de Oliveira EB, Bishop JV, Hansen TR, Ma Z, Jeong KCC, Santos JEP, Sheldon MI, Block J, Bromfield JJ. Experimentally induced endometritis impairs the developmental capacity of bovine oocytes. Biol Reprod. 2020;103(3):508-20. http://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa069. PMid:32401311.

Donaldson LE. Dose of FSH-P as a source of variation in embryo production from superovulated cows. Theriogenology. 1984;22(2):205-12. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(84)90433-3. PMid:16725951.

Durlinger A, Visser J, Themmen A. Regulation of ovarian function: the role of anti-Mullerian hormone. Reproduction. 2002;124(5):601-9. http://doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1240601. PMid:12416998.

Elliff FM, Guimarães EC, Féres LF, Bayeux BM, Colli MHA, Sampaio Baruselli PS. Effect of treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone on in vitro embryo production of Gyr (Bos indicus) calves, pubertal heifers and adult cows. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2019;31(1):191. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv31n1Ab132.

Ferraz PA, Burnley C, Karanja J, Viera-Neto A, Santos JEP, Chebel RC, Galvão KN. Factors affecting the success of a large embryo transfer program in Holstein cattle in a commercial herd in the southeast region of the United States. Theriogenology. 2016;86(7):1834-41. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.05.032. PMid:27364084.

Ferré LB, Kjelland ME, Strøbech LB, Hyttel P, Mermillod P, Ross PJ. Review: recent advances in bovine in vitro embryo production: reproductive biotechnology history and methods. Animal. 2020;14(5):991-1004. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119002775. PMid:31760966.

Folchini N, Silva L, Alves R, Consentini C, Silva M, Silva T, Acosta-Galindez J, Drum J, Motta J, Gonzales B, Sartori R. Ovarian response and embryo production of cows superstimulated with different FSH regimens and inseminated with conventional or sex-sorted spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021;34(2):322. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv34n2Ab167. PMid:35231376.

García-Guerra A, Tribulo A, Yapura J, Adams GP, Singh J, Mapletoft RJ. Lengthened superstimulatory treatment in cattle: evidence for rescue of follicles within a wave rather than continuous recruitment of new follicles. Theriogenology. 2015;84(3):467-76. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.03.037. PMid:25979656.

García-Guerra A, Motta JCL, Melo LF, Kirkpatrick BW, Wiltbank MC. Ovulation rate, antral follicle count, and circulating anti-Müllerian hormone in Trio allele carriers, a novel high fecundity bovine genotype. Theriogenology. 2017;101:81-90. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.026. PMid:28708520.

García-Guerra A, Canavessi AMO, Monteiro PLJ Jr, Mezera MA, Sartori R, Kirkpatrick BW, Wiltbank MC. Trio, a novel bovine high fecundity allele: III. Acquisition of dominance and ovulatory capacity at a smaller follicle size. Biol Reprod. 2018a;98(3):350-65. http://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/iox157. PMid:29425314.

García-Guerra A, Kamalludin MH, Kirkpatrick BW, Wiltbank MC. Trio a novel bovine high-fecundity allele: II. Hormonal profile and follicular dynamics underlying the high ovulation rate. Biol Reprod. 2018b;98(3):335-49. http://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/iox156. PMid:29425274.

García-Guerra A, Wiltbank ME, Battista SW, Kirkpatrick B, Sartori R. Mechanisms regulating follicle selection in ruminants: lessons learned from multiple ovulation models. Anim Reprod. 2018c;15(Suppl 1):660-79. http://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR2018-0027. PMid:36249844.

García-Guerra A. Figure 1 [Internet]. BioRender; 2025 [cited 2025 June 4]. Available from: https://biorender.com/p19kodo

García-Ruiz A, Cole JB, VanRaden PM, Wiggans GR, Ruiz-Lopez FJ, Van Tassell CP. Changes in genetic selection differentials and generation intervals in US Holstein dairy cattle as a result of genomic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(28):E3995-4004. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519061113. PMid:27354521.

Ginther OJ, Knopf L, Kastelic JP. Ovarian follicular dynamics in heifers during early pregnancy. Biol Reprod. 1989;41(2):247-54. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod41.2.247. PMid:2679900.

Ginther OJ, Kot K, Kulick LJ, Martin S, Wiltbank MC. Relationships between FSH and ovarian follicular waves during the last six months of pregnancy in cattle. J Reprod Fertil. 1996;108(2):271-9. http://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1080271. PMid:9038786.

Gomez-León VE, Andrade JP, Kirkpatrick BW, Moghbeli SM, García-Guerra A, Ginther OJ, Wiltbank MC. Selection of fewer dominant follicles in Trio carriers given GnRH antagonist and luteinizing hormone action replaced by nonpulsatile human chorionic gonadotropin. Biol Reprod. 2020;103(6):1217-28. http://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa167. PMid:32940667.

Gonzalez A, Lussier IG, Carruthers TD, Murphy BD, Mapletoft RJ. Superovulation of beef heifers with Folltropin: A new FSH preparation containing reduced LH activity. Theriogenology. 1990;33(2):519-29. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(90)90509-R. PMid:16726748.

Goodhand KL, Watt RG, Staines ME, Hutchinson JSM, Broadbent PJ. In vivo oocyte recovery and in vitro embryo production from bovine donors aspirated at different frequencies or following FSH treatment. Theriogenology. 1999;51(5):951-61. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00041-2. PMid:10729017.

Granleese T, Clark SA, Swan AA, van der Werf JHJ. Increased genetic gains in sheep, beef and dairy breeding programs from using female reproductive technologies combined with optimal contribution selection and genomic breeding values. Genet Sel Evol. 2015;47(1):70. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-015-0151-3. PMid:26370143.

Guerreiro BM, Batista EOS, Vieira LM, Sá MF Fo, Rodrigues CA, Castro A No, Silveira CR, Bayeux BM, Dias EA, Monteiro FM, Accorsi M, Lopes RN, Baruselli PS. Plasma anti-mullerian hormone: an endocrine marker for in vitro embryo production from Bos taurus and Bos indicus donors. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2014;49:96-104. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.07.002. PMid:25136816.

Hagemann LJ, Beaumont SE, Berg M, Donnison MJ, Ledgard A, Peterson AJ, Schurmann A, Tervit HR. Development during single IVP of bovine oocytes from dissected follicles: interactive effects of estrous cycle stage, follicle size and atresia. Mol Reprod Dev. 1999;53(4):451-8. http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199908)53:4<451::AID-MRD11>3.0.CO;2-3. PMid:10398421.

Hansen PJ. Realizing the promise of IVF in cattle - an overview. Theriogenology. 2006;65(1):119-25. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.09.019. PMid:16253320.

Hansen PJ. Review: some challenges and unrealized opportunities toward widespread use of the in vitro-produced embryo in cattle production. Animal. 2023;17:100745. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100745.

Hayden C, Sala RV, Pereira DC, Carrenho-Sala LC, Fosado M, Moreno D, Moreno JF, Garcia-Guerra A. Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone dose and circulating progesterone before ovum pickup and in vitro embryo production in pregnant Holstein heifers. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021;33(2):143. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv33n2Ab71.

Hayden CB, Sala RV, Absalón-Medina VA, Motta JCL, Pereira D, Moreno JF, García-Guerra A. Synchronization of follicle wave emergence before ovarian superstimulation with FSH and ovum pick-up improves in vitro embryo production in pregnant heifers. Theriogenology. 2022;188:71-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.05.017. PMid:35688041.

Hayden CB, Sala RV, Pereira DC, Moreno JF, Garcia-Guerra A. Effect of use and dosage of p-FSH for ovarian superstimulation before ovum-pick up and in vitro embryo production in pregnant Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci. 2023;106(11):8110-21. http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-23576. PMid:37641305.

Hayden CB, Motta JCL, Sala RV, Bello NM, Coutinho Silva MA, García-Guerra A. Efficacy of methods to synchronize follicular wave emergence in pregnant heifers. JDS Communications. 2025;6(1):154-9. http://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2024-0629. PMid:39877171.

Heape W, Foster M 3rd. Preliminary note on the transplantation and growth of mammalian ova within a uterine foster-mother. Proc R Soc Lond. 1891;48(292-295):457-8. http://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1890.0053.

Hsueh AJ, Kawamura K, Cheng Y, Fauser BC. Intraovarian control of early folliculogenesis. Endocr Rev. 2015;36(1):1-24. http://doi.org/10.1210/er.2014-1020. PMid:25202833.

Huang Y, Zhang H, Mei C, Yang M, Zhao S, Zhu H, Wang Y. Phenotypic and genetic analyses of in vitro embryo production traits in chinese holstein cattle. Animals. 2023;13(22):3539. http://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223539. PMid:38003156.

Imai K, Inaba Y, Yoshioka H, Aikawa Y, Ohtake M, Suzuki M, Kobayashi S. Effect of follicular wave synchronization and superstimulation on in vitro embryo production. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2007;20(1):182. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv20n1Ab206.

Ireland JJ, Ward F, Jimenez-Krassel F, Ireland JLH, Smith GW, Lonergan P, Evans AC. Follicle numbers are highly repeatable within individual animals but are inversely correlated with FSH concentrations and the proportion of good-quality embryos after ovarian stimulation in cattle. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(6):1687-95. http://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem071. PMid:17468258.

Ireland JLH, Scheetz D, Jimenez-Krassel F, Themmen APN, Ward F, Lonergan P, Smith GW, Perez GI, Evans AC, Ireland JJ. Antral follicle count reliably predicts number of morphologically healthy oocytes and follicles in ovaries of young adult cattle. Biol Reprod. 2008;79(6):1219-25. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.108.071670. PMid:18768912.

Ireland JJ, Smith GW, Scheetz D, Jimenez-Krassel F, Folger JK, Ireland JLH, Mossa F, Lonergan P, Evans AC. Does size matter in females? An overview of the impact of the high variation in the ovarian reserve on ovarian function and fertility, utility of anti-Müllerian hormone as a diagnostic marker for fertility and causes of variation in the ovarian reserve in cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2011;23(1):1-14. http://doi.org/10.1071/RD10226. PMid:21366975.

Jaiswal RS, Singh J, Adams GP. Developmental pattern of small antral follicles in the bovine ovary. Biol Reprod. 2004;71(4):1244-51. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.104.030726. PMid:15189825.

Jaton C, Koeck A, Sargolzaei M, Price CA, Baes C, Schenkel FS, Miglior F. Short communication: genetic correlations between number of embryos produced using in vivo and in vitro techniques in heifer and cow donors. J Dairy Sci. 2016;99(10):8222-6. http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11356. PMid:27522410.

Karl KR, Jimenez-Krassel F, Gibbings E, Ireland JLH, Clark ZL, Tempelman RJ, Latham KE, Ireland JJ. Negative impact of high doses of follicle-stimulating hormone during superovulation on the ovulatory follicle function in small ovarian reserve dairy heifers†. Biol Reprod. 2021;104(3):695-705. http://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa210. PMid:33205153.

Karl KR, Schall PZ, Clark ZL, Ruebel ML, Cibelli J, Tempelman RJ, Latham KE, Ireland JJ. Ovarian stimulation with excessive FSH doses causes cumulus cell and oocyte dysfunction in small ovarian reserve heifers. Mol Hum Reprod. 2023;29(10):gaad033. http://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gaad033. PMid:37713463.

Kinder J, Bergfeld E, Wehrman M, Peters K, Kojima F. Endocrine basis for puberty in heifers and ewes. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1995;49:393-407. PMid:7623330.

Knight PG, Glister C. TGF-β superfamily members and ovarian follicle development. Reproduction. 2006;132(2):191-206. http://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.01074. PMid:16885529.

König S, Bosselmann F, von Borstel UU, Simianer H. Genetic analysis of traits affecting the success of embryo transfer in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2007;90(8):3945-54. http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0089. PMid:17639006.

Krisher RL, Herrick JR. Bovine embryo production in vitro: evolution of culture media and commercial perspectives. Anim Reprod. 2024;21(3):e20240051. http://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-ar2024-0051. PMid:39372256.

Landry DA, Bellefleur AM, Labrecque R, Grand FX, Vigneault C, Blondin P, Sirard MA. Effect of cow age on the in vitro developmental competence of oocytes obtained after FSH stimulation and coasting treatments. Theriogenology. 2016a;86(5):1240-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.064. PMid:27215669.

Landry DA, Bellefleur AM, Labrecque R, Grand FX, Vigneault C, Blondin P, Sirard MA. Effect of cow age on the in vitro developmental competence of oocytes obtained after FSH stimulation and coasting treatments. Theriogenology. 2016b;86(5):1240-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.064. PMid:27215669.

Landry DA, Sirard M-A. Follicle capacitation: a meta-analysis to investigate the transcriptome dynamics following follicle-stimulating hormone decline in bovine granulosa cells. Biol Reprod. 2018;99(4):877-87. http://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy090. PMid:29668885.

Lequarre A-S, Vigneron C, Ribaucour F, Holm P, Donnay I, Dalbiès-Tran R, Callesen H, Mermillod P. Influence of antral follicle size on oocyte characteristics and embryo development in the bovine. Theriogenology. 2005;63(3):841-59. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.05.015. PMid:15629802.

Lonergan P, Monaghan P, Rizos D, Boland MP, Gordon I. Effect of follicle size on bovine oocyte quality and developmental competence following maturation, fertilization, and culture in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev. 1994;37(1):48-53. http://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080370107. PMid:8129930.

Lonergan P, Fair T. Maturation of Oocytes in Vitro. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2016;4(1):255-68. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110822. PMid:26566159.

Luciano AM, Sirard M-A. Successful in vitro maturation of oocytes: a matter of follicular differentiation. Biol Reprod. 2018;98(2):162-9. http://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/iox149. PMid:29165545.

Machado AF, Rocha RFB, Santos RM, Toral FLB, Lollobrigida DS No, Guimarães JD, Gomez-Leon VE, Facioni Guimarães SE. Genetic parameters for oocytes and embryo production and their association with linear type traits in dairy Gyr cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2024;107(11):9666-75. http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2024-24926. PMid:39067753.

Mapletoft RJ, Murphy BD. Superovulation of beef cattle with Folltropin. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination; 1988; Dublin. Dublin: University College Dublin; 1988. p. 173-5.

Merton JS, Ask B, Onkundi DC, Mullaart E, Colenbrander B, Nielen M. Genetic parameters for oocyte number and embryo production within a bovine ovum pick-up-in vitro production embryo-production program. Theriogenology. 2009;72(7):885-93. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.06.003. PMid:19716168.

Monniaux D, Clément F, Dalbiès-Tran R, Estienne A, Fabre S, Mansanet C, Monget P. The ovarian reserve of primordial follicles and the dynamic reserve of antral growing follicles: what is the link? Biol Reprod. 2014;90(4):85. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.113.117077.

Mossa F, Jimenez-Krassel F, Folger JK, Ireland JLH, Smith GW, Lonergan P, Evans AC, Ireland JJ. Evidence that high variation in antral follicle count during follicular waves is linked to alterations in ovarian androgen production in cattle. Reproduction. 2010;140(5):713-20. http://doi.org/10.1530/REP-10-0214. PMid:20699380.

Mossa F, Jimenez-Krassel F, Scheetz D, Weber-Nielsen M, Evans ACO, Ireland JJ. Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) and fertility management in agricultural species. Reproduction. 2017;154(1):R1-11. http://doi.org/10.1530/REP-17-0104. PMid:28356501.

Motta JCL, Sala RV, Absalón-Medina VA, Fricke VC, Dominguez M, Pereira DC, Hayden C, Canadas ER, Duran BJ, Moreno JF, Garcia-Guerra A. 125 influence of length of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (p-FSH) treatment before ovum pickup on ovarian response and in vitro embryo production in Holstein heifers. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021;33(2):170-1. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv33n2Ab125.

Motta JCL, Hayden C, Sala RV, Absalon-Medina VA, Fricke VC, Pereira DC, Ross PJ, Moreno JF, Garcia-Guerra A. Effect of pattern of p-FSH treatment prior to ovum pick-up on ovarian response and in vitro embryo production in pregnant Holstein heifers. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Congress on Animal Reproduciton (ICAR); 2022; Bologna, Italy. New York: Elsevier; 2022. p. 54.

Motta JCL, Sala RV, Hayden CB, Pereira DC, Ross PJ, Moreno JF, Garcia-Guerra A. Ovarian stimulation with FSH increases in vitro embryo production in high AMH heifers in a dose-dependent manner. Animal Sci Proc. 2023;14(3):492. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2023.03.099.

Motta JCL, Carranza-Martin AC, Rykaczewski C, Folchini NP, Saad M, Hayden C, Sala RV, Bond R, Pereira DC, Ross PJ, Garcia-Guerra A. Anti-Müllerian hormone: how early can it be used as a biomarker for future in vitro embryo production in Bos taurus cattle? Reprod Fertil Dev. 2024;36(2):250-1. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv36n2Ab191.

Motta JCL, Hayden CB, Sala RV, Ross PJ, García-Guerra A. Advances in synchronization and superstimulation for OPU/IVEP: optimizing oocyte quantity and quality. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2025a;37(1):RD24143. http://doi.org/10.1071/RD24143.

Motta JCL, Sala RV, Absalon-Medina VA, Fricke VC, Ross PJ, Moreno JF, Garcia-Guerra A. Ovarian stimulation with FSH in low AMH heifers increases ovarian response and oocyte developmental competence in a dose-limited manner. Reprod Fertil Develop. 2025b;37(1):RDv37n1Ab209. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv37n1Ab209.

Mueller ML, van Eenennaam AL. Synergistic power of genomic selection, assisted reproductive technologies, and gene editing to drive genetic improvement of cattle. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience. 2022;3(1):13. http://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-022-00080-z.

Nasser LF, Adams GP, Bó GA, Mapletoft RJ. Ovarian superstimulatory response relative to follicular wave emergence in heifers. Theriogenology. 1993;40(4):713-24. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(93)90207-L. PMid:16727353.

Nivet A-L, Bunel A, Labrecque R, Belanger J, Vigneault C, Blondin P, Sirard MA. FSH withdrawal improves developmental competence of oocytes in the bovine model. Reproduction. 2012;143(2):165-71. http://doi.org/10.1530/REP-11-0391. PMid:22080141.

Ocampo V, Cedeño AV, Mendoza B, Pinargote L, Romero G, Bó GA. In vitro embryo production in Bos indicus donors super-stimulated with equine chorionic gonadotrophin or FSH prior to ovum pickup. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2024;36(2):207. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv36n2Ab109.

Oliveira LH, Sanches CP, Seddon AS, Veras MB, Lima FA, Monteiro PLJ Jr, Wiltbank MC, Sartori R. Short communication: follicle superstimulation before ovum pick-up for in vitro embryo production in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2016;99(11):9307-12. http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11306. PMid:27568054.

Ongaratto FL, Cedeño AV, Rodriguez-Villamil P, Tríbulo A, Bó GA. Effect of FSH treatment on cumulus oocyte complex recovery by ovum pick up and in vitro embryo production in beef donor cows. Anim Reprod Sci. 2020;214:106274. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106274. PMid:32087924.

Parker Gaddis KL, Dikmen S, Null DJ, Cole JB, Hansen PJ. Evaluation of genetic components in traits related to superovulation, in vitro fertilization, and embryo transfer in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(4):2877-91. http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11907. PMid:28131573.

Pavlok A, Lucas-Hahn A, Niemann H. Fertilization and developmental competence of bovine oocytes derived from different categories of antral follicles. Mol Reprod Dev. 1992;31(1):63-7. http://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080310111. PMid:1562328.

Pawlyshyn V, Lindsell CE, Braithwaite M, Mapletoft RJ. Superovulation of beef cows with FSH-P: a dose-response trial. Theriogenology. 1986;25(1):179. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(86)90233-5.

Pieterse MC, Kappen KA, Kruip TAM, Taverne MAM. Aspiration of bovine oocytes during transvaginal ultrasound scanning of the ovaries. Theriogenology. 1988;30(4):751-62. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(88)90310-X. PMid:16726517.

Pieterse MC, Vos PLAM, Kruip TAM, Wurth YA, van Beneden TH, Willemse AH, Taverne MA. Transvaginal ultrasound guided follicular aspiration of bovine oocytes. Theriogenology. 1991;35(4):857. http://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(91)90144-3. PMid:16726954.

Pontes JHF, Nonato-Junior I, Sanches BV, Ereno-Junior JC, Uvo S, Barreiros TRR, Oliveira JA, Hasler JF, Seneda MM. Comparison of embryo yield and pregnancy rate between in vivo and in vitro methods in the same Nelore (Bos indicus) donor cows. Theriogenology. 2009;71(4):690-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.031. PMid:18995895.

Presicce GA, Jiang S, Simkin M, Zhang L, Looney CR, Godke RA, Yang X. Age and hormonal dependence of acquisition of oocyte competence for embryogenesis in prepubertal calves. Biol Reprod. 1997;56(2):386-92. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod56.2.386. PMid:9116137.

Revel F, Mermillod P, Peynot N, Renard JP, Heyman Y. Low developmental capacity of in vitro matured and fertilized oocytes from calves compared with that of cows. J Reprod Fertil. 1995;103(1):115-20. http://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.1030115. PMid:7707286.

Rico C, Fabre S, Médigue C, di Clemente N, Clément F, Bontoux M, Touzé JL, Dupont M, Briant E, Rémy B, Beckers JF, Monniaux D. Anti-Müllerian hormone is an endocrine marker of ovarian gonadotropin-responsive follicles and can help to predict superovulatory responses in the cow. Biol Reprod. 2009;80(1):50-9. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.108.072157. PMid:18784351.

Rico C, Médigue C, Fabre S, Jarrier P, Bontoux M, Clément F, Monniaux D. Regulation of Anti-Müllerian hormone production in the cow: A multiscale study at endocrine, ovarian, follicular, and granulosa cell levels. Biol Reprod. 2011;84(3):560-71. http://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.110.088187. PMid:21076084.

Rico C, Drouilhet L, Salvetti P, Dalbiès-Tran R, Jarrier P, Touzé J-L, Pillet E, Ponsart C, Fabre S, Monniaux D. Determination of anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in blood as a tool to select Holstein donor cows for embryo production: from the laboratory to the farm. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2012;24(7):932-44. http://doi.org/10.1071/RD11290. PMid:22935154.

Sala RV, Motta JCL, Absalon-Medina VA, Fricke VC, Crist AE, Reamsnyder T, Ross PJ, Moreno JF, Garcia-Guerra A. Assessment of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone delivery mode before ovum pickup and in vitro embryo production in pregnant heifers. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2024;36(2):250. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv36n2Ab190.

Sales JNS, Iguma LT, Batista RITP, Quintão CCR, Gama MAS, Freitas C, Pereira MM, Camargo LS, Viana JH, Souza JC, Baruselli PS. Effects of a high-energy diet on oocyte quality and in vitro embryo production in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cows. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98(5):3086-99. http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8858. PMid:25726114.

Santos GMGD, Silva-Santos KC, Barreiros TRR, Morotti F, Sanches BV, Moraes FLZ, Blaschi W, Seneda MM. High numbers of antral follicles are positively associated with in vitro embryo production but not the conception rate for FTAI in Nelore cattle. Anim Reprod Sci. 2016;165:17-21. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.11.024. PMid:26711683.

Santos R, Oliveira M, Demétrio C, Hasler J, Fonseca J, Demetrio D. Single injection of follicle-stimulating hormone before ovum pickup in lactating Holstein donors: oocyte recovery and embryo production. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2021;33(2):181. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv33n2Ab146.

Sarwar Z, Saad M, Saleem M, Husnain A, Riaz A, Ahmad N. Effect of follicle size on oocytes recovery rate, quality, and in-vitro developmental competence in Bos indicus cows. Anim Reprod. 2020a;17(3):e20200011. http://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0011. PMid:33029208.

Sarwar Z, Sagheer M, Sosa F, Saad M, Hassan M, Husnain A, Arshad U. Meta-analysis to determine effects of treatment with FSH when there is progestin-priming on in-vitro embryo production using ovum pick-up in Bos taurus cows. Anim Reprod Sci. 2020b;221:106590. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106590. PMid:32927187.

Scaramuzzi RJ, Baird DT, Campbell BK, Driancourt MA, Dupont J, Fortune JE, Gilchrist RB, Martin GB, McNatty KP, McNeilly AS, Monget P, Monniaux D, Viñoles C, Webb R. Regulation of folliculogenesis and the determination of ovulation rate in ruminants. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2011;23(3):444-67. http://doi.org/10.1071/RD09161. PMid:21426863.

Scarlet D, Serbetci I, Lautner M, Bollwein H. Effects of follicular superstimulation on ovum pickup-in vitro-produced outcome in German Fleckvieh heifers. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2023;36(2):270. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv36n2Ab228.

Scheetz D, Folger J, Smith G, Ireland J. Granulosa cells are refractory to FSH action in individuals with a low antral follicle count. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2012;24(2):327-36. http://doi.org/10.1071/RD11020. PMid:22281079.

Schefers JM, Weigel KA. Genomic selection in dairy cattle: integration of DNA testing into breeding programs. Anim Front. 2012;2(1):4-9. http://doi.org/10.2527/af.2011-0032.

Seneda MM, Esper CR, Garcia JM, Oliveira JA, Vantini R. Relationship between follicle size and ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte recovery. Anim Reprod Sci. 2001;67(1-2):37-43. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(01)00113-0. PMid:11408112.

Silva JCB, Ferreira RM, Maturana M, Naves JD, Santin T, Pugliesi G, Madureira EH. Use of FSH in two different regimens for ovarian superstimulation prior to ovum pick up and in vitro embryo production in Holstein cows. Theriogenology. 2017;90:65-73. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.11.016. PMid:28166990.

Silva-Santos K, Santos G, Koetz C Jr, Morotti F, Siloto L, Marcantonio T, Urbano MR, Oliveira RL, Lima DC, Seneda MM. Antral follicle populations and embryo production – in vitro and in vivo – of Bos indicus–taurus donors from weaning to yearling ages. Reprod Domest Anim. 2014;49(2):228-32. http://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12255. PMid:24456094.

Singh J, Dominguez M, Jaiswal R, Adams GP. A simple ultrasound test to predict the superstimulatory response in cattle. Theriogenology. 2004;62(1-2):227-43. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.09.020. PMid:15159116.

Sirard MA. Follicle environment and quality of in vitro matured oocytes. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2011;28(6):483-8. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-011-9554-4. PMid:21394521.

Sirard MA. 40 years of bovine IVF in the new genomic selection context. Reproduction. 2018;156(1):R1-7. http://doi.org/10.1530/REP-18-0008. PMid:29636405.

Sirard MA. The two-step process of ovarian follicular growth and maturation in mammals can be compared to a fruit ripening where quality depends on the second step. Biol Reprod. 2022;106(2):230-4. http://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioab236. PMid:34939644.

Sirard MA, Picard L, Dery M, Coenen K, Blondin P. The time interval between FSH administration and ovarian aspiration influences the development of cattle oocytes. Theriogenology. 1999;51(4):699-708. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00019-9. PMid:10728995.

Soares ACS, Marques KNG, Bragança LGM, Lodde V, Luciano AM, Buratini J. Synchronization of germinal vesicle maturity improves efficacy of in vitro embryo production in Holstein cows. Theriogenology. 2020a;154:53-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.030. PMid:32480064.

Soares ACS, Sakoda JN, Gama IL, Bayeux BM, Lodde V, Luciano AM, Buratini J. Characterization and control of oocyte large-scale chromatin configuration in different cattle breeds. Theriogenology. 2020b;141:146-52. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.020. PMid:31541784.

Sola J, Alberio V, Carvajal J, Tribulo A, Waidelich R, Oviedo JM, Salamone D, Mapletoft RJ, Bó GA. The combination of Folltropin and hyaluronan for simplified OPU stimulation in beef cows. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2023a;35(2):228-9. http://doi.org/10.1071/RDv35n2Ab200

Sola J, Carvajal Basto J, Camaño M, Ponte E, Waidelich R, Oviedo JM, Tribulo A, Bo GA. Superovulatory response and embryo production in Bos indicus and Bos taurus beef donors superstimulated with constant or decreasing doses of FSH. Anim Sci Proc. 2023b;14(3):475. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2023.03.072.

Sood P, Zachut M, Dekel I, Dube H, Jacoby S, Moallem U. Preovulatory follicle characteristics and oocyte competence in repeat breeder dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(11):9372-81. http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12973. PMid:28888606.

Souza AH, Carvalho PD, Rozner AE, Vieira LM, Hackbart KS, Bender RW, Dresch AR, Verstegen JP, Shaver RD, Wiltbank MC. Relationship between circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and superovulatory response of high-producing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98(1):169-78. http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8182. PMid:25465542.

Souza AH, Sartori R, Guenther JN, Caraviello D, Monson R, Wiltbank MC. Effect of semen source and dose of FSH on superovulatory response and embryo production in Holstein heifers. Anim Reprod. 2007;4(3-4):70-6.

Steptoe PC, Edwards RG. Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet. 1978;312(8085):366. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92957-4. PMid:79723.

Sugimura S, Kobayashi N, Okae H, Yamanouchi T, Matsuda H, Kojima T, Yajima A, Hashiyada Y, Kaneda M, Sato K, Imai K, Tanemura K, Arima T, Gilchrist RB. Transcriptomic signature of the follicular somatic compartment surrounding an oocyte with high developmental competence. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6815. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07039-5. PMid:28755009.

Viana JHM. 2023 Statistics of embryo production and transfer in domestic farm animals. Embryo Technology Newsletter. 2024;42(4):33-46.

Viana JHM, Silva BDM, Moura RM, Féres LFR, Figueiredo RA. Oocyte developmental potential and embryo production before puberty in cattle. Anim Reprod. 2024;21(3):e20240069. http://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-ar2024-0069. PMid:39175997.

Vieira LM, Rodrigues CA, Castro A No, Guerreiro BM, Silveira CRA, Moreira RJC, Sá MF Fo, Bó GA, Mapletoft RJ, Baruselli PS. Superstimulation prior to the ovum pick-up to improve in vitro embryo production in lactating and non-lactating Holstein cows. Theriogenology. 2014;82(2):318-24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.04.013. PMid:24839924.

Vieira LM, Rodrigues CA, Castro A No, Guerreiro BM, Silveira CRA, Freitas BG, Bragança LGM, Marques KNG, Sá MF Fo, Bó GA, Mapletoft RJ, Baruselli PS. Efficacy of a single intramuscular injection of porcine FSH in hyaluronan prior to ovum pick-up in Holstein cattle. Theriogenology. 2016;85(5):877-86. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.036. PMid:26639640.

Vizoná RG, Perez BC, Peixoto MGCD, Viana JHM, Ventura RV, Vercesi AE Fo, Carvalho Balieiro JC. Genetic analysis of in-vitro embryo production traits in Dairy Gir cattle. Theriogenology. 2020;148:149-61. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.014. PMid:32182523.

Wiggans GR, Carrillo JA. Genomic selection in United States dairy cattle. Front Genet. 2022;13:994466. http://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.994466. PMid:36159997.

Zoda A, Urakawa M, Oono Y, Ogawa S, Satoh M. Estimation of genetic parameters for superovulatory response traits in Japanese Black cows. J Anim Sci. 2021;99(10):skab265. http://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab265.
 


Submitted date:
06/04/2025

Accepted date:
08/04/2025

68bacd65a95395287c7f2a35 animreprod Articles
Links & Downloads

Anim Reprod

Share this page
Page Sections