Transrectal ultrasonographic measurements of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta in Spanish Purebred mares
Fernando D. Requena, Estrella I. Agüera, Francisco Requena, Carlos C. Pérez-Marín
Abstract
The present study was conducted to establish the normal values of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) in Spanish Purebred mares during late pregnancy. A total of 107 mares were examined at 210, 240, 270 and 300 days of gestation, of which 13 had abnormal gestations (foetal death, abortion or stillbirth). In mares with healthy foals, CTUP measurements showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) at the various gestational ages (4.83 ± 0.59 mm, 6.12 ± 0.60 mm, 7.41 ± 0.61 mm and 10.45 ± 0.92 mm at 210, 240, 270 and 300 days, respectively). A high positive correlation was observed between CTUP and gestational age (r = 0.923; P < 0.001). In mares with abnormal gestation, CTUP measurements were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than in healthy gestations at day 270 (8.89 vs. 7.41 mm) and day 300 (14.17 vs. 10.45 mm). The age of the mare, fertilization time, type of semen and gestation length did not affect the CTUP. The results obtained suggest that the cut-off point for detecting abnormal pregnancies in Spanish Purebred mares is 7.75 mm on day 270 and 12.7 mm on day 300. The authors find that the incidence of placental thickness enlargement in the late gestation of Spanish Purebred is 14%, and a transrectal ultrasonographic examination is highly advisable at 270 days of gestation. Such timely placental assessment could reveal otherwise undetected disorders, thereby enabling early and proper treatments to be administered to prevent foetal loss
Keywords
References
Bailey CS, Heitzman JM, Buchanan CN, Bare CA, Sper RB, Borst LB, Macpherson M, Archibald K, Whitacre M. 2012. B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis. Equine Vet J, 44:88-94.
Barnes M, Fite C, Tibary A. 2005. Trans-rectal ultrasonographic evaluation of the placenta in Arabian and pony mares in mid- to-late gestation. Theriogenology, 64:787. (abstract).
Bucca S, Fogarty U, Collins A, Small V. 2005. Assessement of feto-placenta well-being in mare from mid-gestation to term: transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonographic features. Theriogenology, 64:542-557.
Calderwood M, LeBlanc MB, Paccamonti D. 2002. Route of fetal infection in a model of ascending placentitis. Theriogenology, 58:791-792.
Carrick JB, Begg AP, Perkins N, O’Meara D. 2010. Ultrasonographic monitoring and treatment of pregnant mares at risk for placentitis Anim Reprod Sci, 121:331- 333.
Colón JL. 2008. Trans-rectal ultrasonographic appearance of abnormal combined utero-placental thickness in late-term gestation and its incidence during routine survey in a population of Thoroughbred mares (2005-2008). Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract, 54:279-285.
Coutinho da Silva MA, Canisso IF, MacPherson ML, Johnson AE, Divers TJ. 2013. Serum amyloid A concentration in healthy periparturient mares and mares with ascending placentitis. Equine Vet J, 45:619-624.
Crisci A, Rota A, Panzani D, Sgorbini M, Ousey JC, Camillo F. 2014. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and endocrinological studies on donkey pregnancy. Theriogenology, 81:275-283.
Cummins C, Carrington S, Fitzpatrick E, Duggan V. 2008. Ascending placentitis in the mare: a review. Ir Vet J, 61:307-313.
Dudley DJ, Trautman MS. 1994. Infection, inflammation and contractions: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of preterm labor. Semin Reprod Endocrinol, 12:263-272.
Giles RC, Donahue JM, Hong CG. 1993. Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal death in horses: 3527 cases (1986-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 203:1170-1175.
Hendriks WK, Colenbrander B, van der Weijden GC, Stout TAE. 2009. Maternal age and parity influence ultrasonographic measurements of fetal growth in Dutch Warmblood mares. Anim Reprod Sci,115:110-123.
LeBlanc MM, Giguere S, Brauer K, Paccamonti DL, Horohov D, Lester GD, O´Donnell LJ, Sheerin BR, Pablo L, Rodgerson DH. 2002. Premature delivery in ascending placentitis associated with increased expression of placenta cytokines and allantoic fluid prostaglandins E2 and F2. Theriogenology 58:841-844.
LeBlanc MM. 2004. Ascending placentitis in mares: what we learned from an experimental model. In: Proceedings of the 10th Congreso Nazionala Multisala SIVE, Perugia, Italy. Ithaca, NY: IVIS.
LeBlanc MM. 2010. Ascending placentitis in the mare: an update. Reprod Domest Anim, 45:28-34.
Löf HK, Pires Neves A, Gregory JW, Winter GHZ, Garbade P, Wolf CA, Richter G, Jobim MIM, Gregory RM, Mattos RC. 2010. Evaluation of the combined utero-placental thickness (CUPT) and of vulvar conformation as indicators of placentitis in pregnant mares. Anim Reprod Sci, 121:329-330.
Macpherson ML. 2005. Treatment strategies for mares with placentitis. Theriogenology 64:528-534.
Macpherson ML, C.S. Bailey CS. 2008. A clinical approach to managing the mare with placentitis. Theriogenology, 70:435-440.
Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente - MAGRAMA 2016. Available on: http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/ganaderia/temas/zootecn ia/razas-ganaderas/razas/catalogo/autoctona-fomento/ equino-caballar/espanola/iframe-ejemplo-arca.aspx. Accessed on January 9, 2017.
Morris S, Kelleman AA, Stawicki RH, Hansen PJ, Sheerin PC, Sheerin BR, Paccamonti DL, LeBlanc MM. 2007. Transrectal ultrasonography and plasma progestin profiles identifies feto-placental compromise in mares with experimentally induced placentitis. Theriogenology, 67:681-691.
Palmer E, Driancourt MA. 1980. Use of ultrasonic echography in equine gynecology. Theriogenology, 13:203-216.
Platt H. 1975. Infection of the horse fetus. J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 23:605-610.
Pollard KJ, Mitchell MD. 1996. Intrauterine infection and the effects of inflammatory mediators on prostaglandin production by myometrial cells from pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 174:682-686.
Reef VB, Vaala WE, Worth LT, Spencer PA, Hammett B. 1995. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the fetus and intrauterine environment in healthy mares during late gestation. Vet Radiol Ultrasound, 36:533- 541. Renaudin CD, Troedsson MHT, Gillis CL, King VL, Bodena A. 1997. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine placenta by transrectal and transabdominal approach in the normal pregnant mare. Theriogenology, 47:559-573.
Rossdale PD, Ousey JC, Cottrill CM, Chavatte P, Allen WR, McGladdery AJ. 1991. Effects of placental pathology on maternal plasma progestagen and mammary secretion calcium concentrations and on neonatal adrenocortical function in the horse. J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 44:579-590.
Smith KC, Blunden AS, Whitwell KE, Dunn KA, Wales AD. 2003. A survey of equine abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death in the UK from 1988 to 1997. Equine Vet J, 35:496-501.
Souza AM, Winter GHZ, Garbade P, Wolf, CA, Jobim MIM, Gregory RM, Mattos RC. 2010. Ultrasonography evaluation of the Criollo mare placenta. Anim Reprod Sci, 121:S320-321.
Stawicki RJ, Reubel H, Hansen PJ, Sheerin BR, O’Donnell LJ, Lester GD, Paccamonti DL, LeBlanc MM. 2002. Endocrinological findings in an experimental model of ascending placentitis in the mare. Theriogenology, 58:849-852.
Troedsson MHT, Renaudin CD, Zent WW, Steiner JV. 1997. Transrectal ultrasonography of the placenta in normal mares and in mares with pending abortion: a field study. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract, 43:256-258.
Troedsson MHT, Zent WW. 2004. Clinical ultrasonographic evaluation of the equine placenta as a method to successfully identify and treat mares with placentitis. In: Betteridge L (ed.). Workshop on the Equine Placenta. Lexington, KY: Univeristy of Kentucky Agricultural Station. pp. 66-67.
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
StumbleUpon
CiteULike
Reddit
Email